quinta-feira, 20 de novembro de 2025

Bilingual Article – Founding Fathers and Slavery

Bilingual Article – Founding Fathers and Slavery

Founding Fathers and Slavery

Allegorical painting – Founders and Slavery
Allegorical depiction of the Founders’ paradox: liberty proclaimed, slavery tolerated.
Artigo Bilíngue – English / Português-BR

The Founding Fathers and Slavery: Compromise, Contradiction, and Conscience

The story of the American Founding is inseparable from the story of slavery. Many of the men who proclaimed universal rights and human liberty either owned enslaved people, defended the institution, or accepted political compromises that allowed it to survive. Others rejected slavery in principle and practice, yet still agreed to a Constitution that accommodated it. The result is a founding moment marked not only by high ideals, but also by deep moral contradictions.

1. Slaveholding Founders and Moral Tension

Leading Virginians such as George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison illustrate the central paradox. All three owned enslaved people. All three understood, at varying depths, that slavery contradicted the principles of natural rights, equality, and republican government.

  • Washington gradually came to view slavery as wrong and personally decided, in his will, to free all the enslaved people he owned outright and to provide for their education and welfare.
  • Jefferson wrote some of the strongest condemnations of slavery’s injustice, yet remained economically dependent on it and freed only a small number of individuals.
  • Madison saw slavery as a political and moral “curse,” but devoted his energy to constitutional design rather than to concrete emancipation and never freed his own enslaved people.

These men show the distance between ideas and action. They recognized the problem but chose caution, gradualism, or private measures instead of public confrontation.

2. Active Defenders of Slavery

In the Deep South, some Founders did more than tolerate slavery: they defended it as necessary and fought to protect it in the new federal system. Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, John Rutledge, and Pierce Butler, all from South Carolina, argued vigorously at the Constitutional Convention that the South would reject any union that threatened the slave trade or the property rights of slaveholders.

Their efforts helped secure three key elements:

  • Protection of the international slave trade for at least twenty years.
  • The Three-Fifths Compromise, which enhanced Southern political power in Congress.
  • The Fugitive Slave Clause, requiring free states to cooperate in the return of escaped enslaved people.

These provisions did not merely “recognize” slavery; they strengthened its legal and political foundations for decades.

3. Anti-Slavery Voices and their Limits

There were also Founders who opposed slavery in principle and refused to own enslaved people. John Adams, Samuel Adams, Benjamin Rush, James Wilson, Gouverneur Morris, and others criticized slavery as unjust and incompatible with republican virtue. Some, such as Franklin and Rush, participated actively in early abolitionist organizations.

Yet even these men accepted a Constitution that embedded protections for slaveholders. Most concluded that the survival of the Union outweighed the immediate confrontation with slavery. They hoped that, over time, economic change, the end of the transatlantic trade, and the expansion of free states would lead to slavery’s gradual decline. They underestimated the resilience and profitability of the slave system, especially with the rise of cotton.

4. Gradualism, Colonization, and the Failure of Imagination

Several Founders, including Jefferson and Madison, believed abolition had to be gradual and paired with colonization—the resettlement of freed Black people outside the United States, typically in Africa or the Caribbean. They doubted that a biracial republic could function peacefully.

This view reveals both moral unease and racial limitation. Rather than imagine a genuinely integrated republic, they tried to separate emancipation from full civic inclusion. Colonization schemes proved too costly, too slow, and deeply detached from the wishes of most enslaved and free Black people, who increasingly demanded freedom in America, not exile from it.

5. A Founding Marked by Compromise

The American Founding thus emerges as a layered reality:

  • Some Founders defended slavery as a positive good or economic necessity.
  • Many tolerated and protected it, despite serious moral doubts.
  • A smaller group opposed it in word and deed, but lacked the power or consensus to remove it from the new federal system.

The Constitution they created combined lofty principles of liberty with structural concessions to human bondage. That tension would eventually erupt in political crisis, civil war, and a second, bloodier “refounding” through the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments.

Understanding the Founders and slavery does not require either demonizing or idealizing them. It requires seeing them as flawed human beings, capable of profound insight and profound compromise. Their legacy forces us to confront an uncomfortable truth: it is possible to proclaim universal rights while still participating in systems that deny those very rights to others. The work of closing that gap did not end with the Founding; in many ways, it only began there.

Vertical Timeline – Founders & Slavery (EN)

Pre–1776 — Colonial Era
  • Slavery legalized in all 13 colonies (with regional variations).
  • Future Founders grow up inside slaveholding societies (especially Virginia and South Carolina).
1774–1776
  • Jefferson drafts an anti–slave–trade passage for the Declaration of Independence (removed by Congress).
  • Northern states begin the first steps toward gradual abolition.
1780–1784
  • Early gradual emancipation laws in the North (Pennsylvania, Massachusetts decisions).
  • Jefferson’s 1784 proposal to ban slavery in all western territories fails by one vote.
1787 — Constitutional Convention
  • Three-Fifths Compromise adopted.
  • Protection of the international slave trade until 1808.
  • Fugitive Slave Clause included.
  • Strong anti-slavery speeches by Gouverneur Morris.
  • Strong pro-slavery advocacy by Pinckney, Rutledge, Butler.
  • Madison acts as key architect of the institutional compromises.
1788–1791
  • Constitution ratified, including all slavery-related clauses.
  • First Congress meets under the new federal system.
  • Bill of Rights adopted (no direct mention of slavery).
1790s
  • Franklin and the Pennsylvania Abolition Society petition Congress to end slavery; Congress sidesteps.
  • Washington becomes increasingly critical of slavery in private, but remains publicly silent.
  • Hamilton and allies in New York support manumission and gradual abolition measures.
1800–1808
  • The US grows more divided: North (anti-slavery sentiment) vs. South (defending slavery).
  • 1807: Jefferson signs the Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves, effective 1808.
Early 1800s–1820s
  • Rise of “King Cotton” and westward expansion of slavery.
  • Increasing tension between free and slave states over new territories.
1799–1801 — Washington’s Death
  • Washington dies in 1799.
  • His will provides for the emancipation of the enslaved people he personally owned.
  • His will also provides support for the elderly and education for the young.
1820 — Missouri Compromise
  • Political crisis over admitting Missouri as a slave state.
  • Temporary balance preserved between free and slave states; slavery entrenched as a sectional issue.
1826–1836 — End of the Founders’ Generation
  • Jefferson dies in 1826, still a slaveholder; many enslaved people are sold to pay debts.
  • Madison, active in the American Colonization Society, dies in 1836 without freeing his enslaved people.
  • Colonization emerges as an elite project, but fails to solve or fundamentally address slavery.

© 2025 Kleber Toledo Siqueira. Non-commercial sharing permitted with attribution.

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